Glossary

• Commitment: Hash binding note parameters; inserted to the Merkle tree.

• Nullifier: Revealed on spend, unique per note, prevents double-spend.

• Merkle root: Represents the current state of all commitments.

• Memo: Encrypted payload attached to commitments for off-chain recipient UX.

• Shield: Deposit flow creating new commitments.

• Spend: Consumes existing notes, produces new commitments and/or a withdrawal.

• AA (ERC‑4337): Account Abstraction for gas/payment UX; can use a Paymaster.